Spanish architecture has a rich and diverse history that reflects the influences of various cultures and historical periods. From the ancient structures of the Iberian Peninsula to the intricate designs of the Moorish period, and the later impact of Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and modern movements, Spanish architecture is a fascinating blend of styles. Here are some key features and periods in Spanish architecture:

Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque (8th–12th centuries):

Early Spanish architecture was influenced by Visigothic and Moorish traditions. Examples include the Church of San Juan de Baños in Palencia and the Church of San Vicente in Ávila.
Mudejar (12th–17th centuries):

During the period of Islamic rule in parts of Spain, Mudejar architecture emerged, blending Islamic and Christian elements. Notable examples include the Aljafería Palace in Zaragoza.
Gothic (13th–16th centuries):

The Gothic style made its way to Spain, characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. The Cathedral of Burgos and the Cathedral of Toledo are exemplary Gothic structures.
Renaissance (15th–17th centuries):

Spanish Renaissance architecture was marked by symmetry, geometric forms, and classical influences. The Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, commissioned by Philip II, is a significant example.
Plateresque (late 15th–early 16th centuries):

A Spanish variant of Renaissance architecture, Plateresque features intricate ornamentation, often resembling silversmith’s work. The University of Salamanca exhibits Plateresque elements.
Baroque (17th–18th centuries):

Baroque architecture in Spain is characterized by elaborate ornamentation, grandeur, and dramatic effects. The façade of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela and the Royal Palace of Madrid showcase Baroque elements.
Churrigueresque (late 17th–18th centuries):

A highly ornate and extravagant variation of Baroque, Churrigueresque is known for its elaborate decorations and intricate details. The façade of the Charterhouse of Granada is a notable example.
Neoclassical (late 18th–19th centuries):

Neoclassical architecture in Spain drew inspiration from ancient Greek and Roman designs, emphasizing simplicity and symmetry. The Prado Museum in Madrid exemplifies Neoclassical style.
Modernisme (late 19th–early 20th centuries):

Influenced by the Art Nouveau movement, Modernisme emerged in Catalonia. Antoni Gaudí’s Sagrada Família in Barcelona is a masterpiece of Modernisme architecture.
Contemporary and Postmodern (20th–21st centuries):

Spanish architecture in the 20th and 21st centuries includes a mix of modern and postmodern styles. Iconic structures like the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao by Frank Gehry showcase contemporary architectural trends.
Spanish architecture is characterized by its regional diversity, with each autonomous community having its own distinct traditions and styles. The country’s architectural heritage is a reflection of its complex history and the convergence of diverse cultural influences.